Fatigue resistance is a vital factor to consider when designing engineering structures subjected to continuous loading. Failure due to fatigue can occur over time as the material experiences gradual damage, eventually leading to fracture. To improve fatigue resistance, engineers employ a variety of strategies. These include utilizing high-strength

Shot peening has proven to be a highly effective method for enhancing the fatigue life of metallic components. By introducing compressive residual stresses into the surface layer of materials, shot peening effectively mitigates crack initiation and propagation, thereby significantly improving their resistance to fatigue failure. In recent years, co